Somqarsasta

(Those things which are in the process of being spoken.)

I. Phonology

The Somqarsasta alphabet consists of:

a b c d e g h i j l m n o p q r s t u v z à è ò

The letters f, k, w, x, and y are not used.

Consonants

Vowels

Short vowels

Long vowels

The letters c, g and h palatalize before e, i, and è; s and z palatalize only before i.

The accent falls, in general, on the second to last syllable. However if the last syllable is a diphthong (ai, au, ei, eu, oi, ou), it bears the stress. If any syllable in a word is a proper long vowel marked with an accent grave à, è, or ò, it bears the accent. Only one syllable in a word can bear an accent grave; when forming words from roots, the first syllable to get an accent grave keeps it.

II. Verbal conjugation

II.1 Thematic verbs

The main given form of a thematic verb is in -a, that is, the 3 sg. present form. To conjugate the verb, remove the -a and add the inflexional endings.

The main endings, preceded by the vowel determining tense and mood, are as follows

Now the conjugations are as follows:

2. Forming the perfective verb stem from the imperfective verb stem.

The following shifts take place in the vowel of the last syllable of the stem.

Moreover an s is added to the ending of the stem, as follows:

Before q, gu, and hu, the preceding vowel is moreover lengthened if the last occurring vowel in the new stem is either a, e, or o.

In the resulting stem, l disappears,before gi and zi, and r before h and d. Moreover, there is one special mutation:

rzi > rz

3. Forming the stative verb stem from the imperfective verb stem.

Vowel shifts take place according to the table in the preceding section.

Moreover, the stem is prefixed as follows.

1. If the stem starts with ci, gi, si or zi, the prefix is again (a reduplicated) ci, gi si, or zi.

2. If the stem starts with another consonant, the prefix is equal to that consonant followed by an e.

3. If the stem starts with a vowel, the prefix is equal to e followed by the first consonant of the stem.

Examples:

II.2 Athematic verbs

If the final stem vowel is long (à, è, ò), or ei it becomes shortened (a, e, o, i) in the dual and plural forms.

The other times and moods are formed using the thematic personal endings wherever personal endings are used.

The perfective and stative stems of the verb are formed as follows:

For the perfective, a final long vowel is shortened. No further changes in the verb stem take place in this class.

Examples:

II.3 esse and edere

These are the only two irregular verbs.

The verbs esse (to be) and (edere) are conjugated as follows:

The perfective and stative stems of the verb are formed as follows:

Summary:

III. Nominal Declension

For all nouns and adjectives, we list only three forms: the nominative, genitive, and instrumental singular, from which all other forms can be derived. The first stem (1) is equal to the nominative, the second stem (2) is equal to the genitive minus final -i, and the third stem (3) is equal to the instrumental minus -m.

The vocative is formed either by suffixing the nominative with -o (in case the nominative ends with a consonant), or by replacing the vowel in which it ends with -o. The dual and plural vocative are formed by adding -s and -t to the singular vocative.

The accusative is always equal to either the genitive (for animates) or to the nominative (for inanimates). The vocative only exists for animates.

Each noun belongs to one of three classes, an animate class, a plant-like class, and an object-like class. In the thematic declension, the class is witnessed by its theme vowel in the first and third stem:

1. -e-: abstract concepts, plants, fungi, the sun, stars, nations, belief systems, processes, bacteria, extensions of time
2. -a-: humans, animals, humanoids, the earth, planets, body parts of animals
3. -o-: objects, places, the moon, moons, extensions of space, viruses

The remaining noun declesions, that is, the i-, u-, consonant, and mixed declensions, the nouns do not betray their class by their form. However, every noun belongs to one of the three semantic classes, and any adjectives or pronouns accompanying them show agreement based on the semantic class of the word.

In the i-, u-, consonant, and mixed decensions, vowel shifts (ablaut) take place.

1. Thematic declension

Irregular:

2. i-declension

The vollowing vowel shifts take place in the genitive:

Examples:

Irregular:

3. u-declension

The vollowing vowel shifts take place in the genitive:

Examples:

Irregular:

4. consonant declension

The vollowing vowel shifts take place in the genitive and instrumental:

Examples:

Irregular:

5. mixed declension

5a. -ija

This class declines like -a, but with the following vowel shifts in the genitive:

Examples:

Irregular:

5b. -os

Examples:

5c. -ar

The vollowing vowel shifts take place in the genitive:

Irregular:

5d. -man

The vollowing vowel shifts take place in the genitive:

Examples:

Irregular:

5e. -mò

The vollowing vowel shifts take place in the genitive:

Examples:

5f. -er

Examples:

5g. -òr

The vollowing vowel shifts take place in the genitive:

Examples:

Irregular:

5h. -òl

The vollowing vowel shifts take place in the genitive:

Examples:

Irregular:

5i. -ò

The vollowing vowel shifts take place in the genitive (in the first syllable of the stem):

Examples:

Irregular:

5j. -ont

The vollowing vowel shifts take place in the genitive:

Examples:

Irregular:

IV. Pronouns

Personal pronouns

The first person forms are as follows:

The second person forms are as follows:

The third person forms (for animates) are as follows:

The reflexive forms are as follows:

2. Possessive pronouns

The possessive pronouns are as follows:

They decline as thematic adjectives, and show agreement with respect to noun class.

3. Interrogative pronouns

Note that qènt, cònt, qèns, and còns are pronounced as qent, cont, qens, and cons.

Other pronouns

These pronouns decline as thematic adjectives. Note the genitive form ci of cia, where the double i collapses to a single i.

Adverbs

Correlatives

Like this:

Other adverbs

Conjunctions

V. Prepositions

VI. Numerals

Schleicher's fable

Ovi, siom jam ne esti auleno, oqo esvis, oina jis deucanta gràu vozno, oina beranta megio onos, i oina beranta anari esiovò. Ovi agiza esvus: "Mena sièr mu zrehe dòti, oqanta anari agianti esvis." Esvas agizate: "Sleuse, ovo, nasas sierdas nu zrehe dote jom oqate so: anèr, la esa, qeqora auleno oveji en zehua vesti nam ju su. I siom ovim ne esti auleno." Slusisanta jo, ovi beguo en plesiu.

siom ... esse ... have
vozno wagon
esiu quick, swift
-vò adverbial ending
zrehe pain
plesio plain

Word list

abòl, abali, abolam. n. apple
ad. prep. to, at
adsa. v. be dry, dry; burn, glow
adso. n. hearth; ashes
agera. v. gather. n. flock, herd
ageti. v. drive
agia. v. drive
agiarja. a. campestral, field (attributive), of or relating to fields
agna. n. lamb
aha. v. be upset, be afraid
ahos. n. (emotional) distress
aisa. v. wish; request; search
aisda. v. laud, honour
aisia. v. obtain, come in possession of, possess, own
aiza. v. ignite
aize. n. fire
ajanosia. v. have reached, be at
ajavoha. v. be upset, be afraid
ajavoisia. v. possess, own
aje. n. vital force, life, age, eternity
ajeri. adv. early, in the morning
ajeudò, ajuni, ajeudonas. a. young
ajeva. a. straight, upright, right
ajeve. n. right, justice, law
ajos. n. metal, copper, bronze
ajudanta. n. youth
ajunsia. a. young
ala. v. grow, nourish
alba. a. white
albit. n. barley
aleca. v. protect
alecseti. v. protect
alega. v. care for
aleida. v. smear
aleti. v. nourish
aleuha. v. announce, tell publicly
alhua. v. cost, have value, be worth
alineda. v. be smearing
alja. pron. other, another
altera. pron. other (of two), second
aluto. n. beer
ambi. prep. around, on either side of, about/in exchange for/facing, against
ameigua. v. change, exchange; change places, wander
amelgia. v. milk. n. milk
(a)moldu. a. soft, weak
amsa. v. give birth, beget
amèti. v. mow, reap
an. prep. on, onto
anat. n. duck
ancos. n. curve, bend
aneme. n. breath
anesia. v. reach, attain
aneti. v. breathe
angia. v. constrict, tighten, compress. a. narrow, tight; distressed, anxious
ango. n. curve, bend
anhui, anhueji. n. snake
anmarta. a. immortal
ansmi. pron. acc. of vei
ant. n. forehead, front
antera. pron. second, other
anti. prep. opposite/near/in front/before
antijo. n. front, forehead
anto. n. face; forehead; front
anza. v. bloom
anziu. narrow, a. tight
anzos. n. bloom
anèr, anari, aneram. n. man; power, force, vital energy
apo. n. water, body of water. prep. off; away
aqo. n. water
arca. v. protect, guard, hold, lock
areguesieti. v. be getting dark
areja. v. count, count out; arrange
argia. a. white, argent; glittering
arginto. n. silver
ara. v. fit, fix, put together, slot
aroti. v. plough
arotro. n. plough, ard
artsia. n. bear
arzieti. v. be ploughing
arèti. v. think, reason; arrange
aseusa. v. be dry
asia. a. sharp
asiousieti. v. be sharp-eared, hear well
asra. a. sharp
asru, asrovi. n. tear (in the eyes)
asso. n. axis, axle
astèr, astari, asteram. n. star
ate. n. grass
au. prep. away from, off/again
auga. v. increase, enlarge
auja. n. egg
auleno. n. wool
aulo. n. something hollow, hollowed out
auso. n. dawn; east
ausò, ausi, ausam. n. dawn; goddess of dawn, bringer of light
ava. n. maternal grandfather; maternal uncle. v. enjoy; consume
avega. v. increase, enlarge
aveloda. a. strong, powerful
aveloti. v. rule
avesa. v. dwell, live, reside; stay, spend the night
aveseti. v. dwell, remain
avi. n. bird
avoma. a. raw/uncooked/bitter
avostu. n. home, dwelling
avoti. v. be hot; burn
avènt, aventi. a. blowing. n. that which blows; the wind, air
avèti. v. blow (of wind)
avòti. v. blow (of wind)
azro. n. field, pasturage
baco. n. peg, club
bardàta. a. bearded
barzo. n. beard
beboiza. v. be trusting, be confident
bebouza. v. have awareness, be alert
beda. v. improve, make better
bega. v. break; bend, curve, arch; billow, swell
begua. v. flee; run
beida. v. split
beiza. v. compel, force; trust
beizeti. v. trust
beja. n. bee
bejati. v. fear, be afraid
bela. v. sound; speak, roar, bark
belgia. v. balk, beam
belzia. v. swell
benza. v. bind & benzo. n. bond
benzia. a. thick
benziu, banziovi. a. dense, thick
bera. v. bear, carry
berda. v. pierce; strike
bereti. v. carry
bergie. n. birch
berha. v. safeguard, protect; preserve
beront, baranti. a. act. participle of bereti
beronta. v. from bereti
berso. n. top, tip, point
berzia. v. rise. a. high, lofty
berzio. n. hill, mountain
berziont, barzianti. a. high
beuga. v. flee
beuha. v. bend. beuho. n. curve, arch
beuza. v. be awake, be aware
beuzeti. v. be awake, be aware
bezati. v. dig, burrow; pierce, stab
bidna. a. split, cloven
bidta. a. split, cloven
bineda. v. be splitting
bizta. a. trusted, trustworthy
bleigia. v. shine
blenza. v. blend, mix up; make cloudy, make opaque. a. blond, red-haired, ruddy
bleuda. v. overflow
blèti. v. bleat; cry
blòda. n. bloom, flower
borejeti. v. be carrying around; cause to carry
boro. n. load, what is borne, burden
bosa. a. bare, barefoot
bouzejeti. v. make aware; awaken, arouse
brega. v. break
breida. v. cut
breiga. v. smell, have a strong odor
brema. v. make noise
breqa. v. condense; crowd together
breusa. v. break
breveti. v. boil; brew
breza. v. wade
bruga. v. make use of; have enjoyment of
brèter. n. brother
brèvar, breveni. n. well, spring, source
buda. v. become, grow, appear
buge. n. flight, escape
bugeti. v. be becoming, be growing, be appearing
buzmèn, buzmini, buzmenam. n. bottom
buzta. a. aware
bàga. v. divide, distribute, allot
bàgie. n. beech
bàti. v. shine, glow light; speak, talk
bàzia. n. arm
bèti. v. foment; warm; bathe
bòga. v. bake, toast, fry
bòr, bari, boram. n. thief
cacca. v. defecate
caha. v. take, seize
cahijo. n. enclosure, hedge
caica. a. one-eyed, blind
caida. v. cut, hew
calda. a. bald, naked
cama. v. bend, curve; smooth
capa. v. seize, hold
capijeti. v. be seized, be held
capra. n. he-goat, billy goat
capta. a. seized, held
caput, capeti. n. head
carsa. v. scratch, rub; comb
carsna. a. black/dark, dusky
cegua. v. leave alone, give up; retreat
ceiti. v. settle, populate; live, dwell; cultivate
cela. v. drive, particularly of animals
celati. v. beat, break
celda. v. rise, be tall
celdo. n. hill
celeti. v. call, cry, summon
cemda. v. hum
cena. v. arise, begin
cero. n. army
cerpa. v. pluck, harvest
cesa. v. scrape, comb
ceuca. v. elevate
ceuce. n. height
cevati. v. hit, strike; forge
ciàti. v. sieve
clepa. v. steal
clàti. v. put; lay out
cosle. n. hazel
creja. v. sift, separate, divide
crepa. n. body
crese. n. spring, surge, wave
crete. n. insight, intelligence; strength
creusa. v. freeze, become hard
creva, cruvi. n. blood
crevado. n. blood outside the body (as of a wound)
crousa. v. push, bump, strike, break
crura. a. bloody
csena. v. card, scratch
cseva. v. scrape, shave, sharpen
csneva. v. scrape, sharpen
csveiba. v. move swiftly, make a swift movement; swing, shake, be swinging; whip, cast, throw
cuti. v. cry out, call, howl
cvata. v. ferment; become sour; boil, foam
cvepa. v. smoke, steam; boil
cvepe n. aroma, strong odor
càde. n. hatred, angriness
càna. v. sing
càti. v. desire, wish
cèva. v. wobble, swing
còti. v. fight
còtu, cotovi. n. fight
daiti, diteji. n. (act of) giving
dajavèr, dajauri, dajaveram. n. brother-in-law, husbandś brother
dalzia. a. long
danzia. n. tongue
de. conj. and, but. prep. towards
dedvoja. v. be afraid
dedòti. v. be giving
deisia. v. point out, show; speak solemnly
deiva. n. god
deivija, diviji, deivijam. n. goddess
dejeti. v. chase (away)
deleti. v. split, divide
dema. v. build (up); arrange, put together
demati. v. tame, domesticate
denati. v. set in motion; flow
densia. v. bite
dera. v. split, separate; tear, crack, shatter
derba. v. spin, twist
derdzia. v. tug, stretch; pluck
dersia. v. see
desia. v. take; perceive
desiam. num. ten
desios. n. that which is proper
dessa. n. right (side)
deuca. v. pull, draw. lead
devati. v. fit
divja. a. heavenly
dleucu, dlucovi. a. sweet
dlonzia. a. long
doru, dorovi. n. tree
dota. a. given
dous. n. arm
dreigia. v. stretch out, reach
drema. v. run; sleep
drepa. v. break, tear (up)
dretati. v. run
(d)reuda. v. dig out, root
dreuda. v. weep
dreupa. v. break
dreva. v. tear out, dig out, open, acquire
druhi, druheji, druhejam. n. rye
drunepa. v. be breaking
drèza. v. think; arrange; succeed, accomplish
dusmenès, dusmenesi. a. ill-disposed
dveja. v. fear
dvis. adv. twice, doubly; in two
dvoje. num. two
dvàra. a. long, far away
dvàti. v. move away; move forward
dvò. num. two # see numerals
dàja. v. share, divide
dànu, dànvi, dànvam. n. river goddess
dàpa. v. sacrifice; lose
dàti. v. share, divide
dèti. v. bind
dòla. v. bow, bend. n. elbow
dòm. n. home; house
dòno. n. gift
dòro. n. gift
dòse. n. ash tree
dòti, doteji. n. (act of) giving
dòti. v. give
dòtor, dotri, dòtoram. n. giver
e. conj. and, then
edonta. v. from edti
edti. v. eat
ega. v. lack
egia. pron. I. v. say
egiavom. pron. /alternative form of egia
ehua. v. drink
eido. n. ice, frost
eidve. n. yew; willow; grapes, vine
eigo. n. ice, frost
eisati. v. strengthen; propel
eita. a. passable
eitar, iteni. n. way, course
eja. v. go
eiti. v. go
ejagia. v. sacrifice; worship
ejèta. v. breathe. ejèto. n. breath
ela. n. deer, elk; elephant. a. greyish or brownish coloration
elandra. a. lightweight
ele. various tree species with bright bark, e.g. alder, elm, fir
elenha. v. revile?
elenhu, elanhovi. a. lightweight
elenhua. a. light (not heavy)
eleuza. v. grow
eleuzas. n. pl. t. people
eleuzi, eluzeji. n. people
elsios. n. sore, ulcer
eluzeti. v. arrive
ema. v. take; distribute
en. prep. in
ena. pron. that, that over there, yon (distal)
enagni. n. fire
endo. prep. into/inside
enevan. num. nine
enevandsiomt. num. ninety
engni. n. fire
engua. v. burn. enguo. n. fire
enoman. n. name
enter. prep. between
entera. a. inside, within
enu. after, again; above, up
enzer. prep. under/below
enzi. prep. under/below
epi. prep. on/at/near
era. n. earth
ereba. v. cover, roof
erebo. rib
eregua. v. to be dark
ereguos. n. darkness
ereipa. v. tear, tear down
erema. v. rest
ereuga. v. belch; roar
ereuza. a. red
erqa. v. praise, shine
ersa. v. flow
eruzra. a. red
eruzèti. v. to become red
erè. adv. sparsely, rarely, loosely
erèpa. v. take away, snatch
erèti. v. row
esa. n. master
(e)sevja. a. left, left hand
esia. a. swift
esmi. v. I am
esonta. v. from esti
esti. v. be
esva. n. stallion, horse
eti. prep. beyond/over
euda. v. help, assist; protect
euha. v. promise, vow; praise / see evehua
eusa. v. burn
evedo. n. dowry
evehua. v. promise, vow; praise
eveizeti. v. separate, divide
evera. a. broad
eversa. v. rain
everu, evarovi. a. broad
evesu, evasovi. a. good, excellent
evizeu, evizavi. n. widow
evorzi. n. testicle
evàti. v. leave, abandon, give out
ez. prep. out
galei, galeji. n. mouse, dormouse; weasel
gannòti. v. know, recognize
garbta. a. carved
geda. v. sing; cry / see also: guàti, guòti
gela. v. be cold, freeze
gelda. a. naked. geldo. n. head
gema. v. marry; press (together); grasp
geneman, genemeni. n. offspring, seed
geneti, gnateji. n. birth, production
geneti. v. produce, beget, give birth
genetrija, ginetriji. n. mother
genetòr, gianetri, genetoram. n. one who begets, produces; parent
genos. n. lineage
genu. n. cheek, jaw, chin
gerati. v. cry hoarsely; crane; grow old, mature
gerba. v. carve
geront, giaranti. a. old
geràn, garani, geranam. n. crane, heron
geuda. v. call, name; invoke, call on; cry, cry out
geusa. v. taste, try
geustu, gustovi. n. taste
geuza. v. move erect, be agitated or push forward in such a fashion that one is straight or upright (for example as walking into battle)
geva. v. be bright; bend, curve
geveti. v. chew
gevo. n. sky, heaven; arch, vault
gianosceti. v. recognise
gianta. a. begotten, produced.
gieu, divi, gieum. n. god
gieuseti. v. taste, try, choose
giombo. n. tooth; row of teeth; peg
gione n. birth
gionu, gionovi. n. knee
giàra. v. shout, call
gleiba. v. stick
gleuba. v. split
gleva. v. ball up, clump together. glevo. n. swelling, lump
glèja. v. smear, putty; stick, glue
gneuda. v. press
grano. n. grain
grasa. v. eat, gnaw, devour
greta. v. tie
gridvo. n. mane, nape; neck, throat; estuary, mouth of an inlet
gràda. a. heavy
gràu, gravi. a. heavy
gràvo, garauni. n. quern, mill-stone
guamsceti. v. be walking; come, be coming
guamta. a. passable
gueguoma. v. have the feet planted, stand steady
gueja. v. win, conquer. gueje. n. force
guejoti. v. live
guelade. n. acorn
guelba. n. the womb
guelda. v. throw, reach, pierce; hit by throwing
guema. v. step, take a step; arrive; go; stand
guemti, gumteji. n. step, act of walking
guerda. v. express approval; praise; elevate
gueroti. v. swallow, devour, eat
gueru, guarovi. n. spit, skewer; spear, throwing spear
guete. n. resin, gum
guetu. n. resin, gum
gueveti. v. defecate
guezieti. v. keep requesting, keep asking for
gui(jo)va. a. alive, living
guijoveti. v. live, be alive
guou, guevi, guovam. n. cattle
guàti. v. step; go; stand
guèn, guni. n. woman
gèqa. n. liver
gèti. v. throw
he. conj. postpositional intensifying particle, indeed, at any rate, in fact/discourse particle, indeed, of course, surely
heba. v. give
heda. v. find; hold; seize; take
hehugia. n. cuckoo
hela. v. call; chant; shout
hera. v. rub; stroke; grind; remove
herza. v. enclose, encircle. herzo. n. enclosure, fence, belt
heza. v. join; unite; suit
hlàza. a. bright, shining; smooth
hosti. n. stranger, host; guest; enemy
hreja. v. smear; paint; streak
hrema. v. roar, rumble; thunder
hrenzo. n. beam, plank
hromo. n. a roar, rumble; thunder
hrèti. v. grow (of plants?)
hueja. v. decline; perish
huelza. v. be greedy, be hungry
huena. v. strike down, kill, slay
huenti, huanteji. n. striking, killing
huera. a. warm, hot. v. flow (away)
hueros. n. heat; warm weather
hueza. v. request, pray, ask for
huorejeti. v. heat
hèba. v. grab, take
ja. pron. that, who, which / not in somqarsasta probably
jeca. v. utter
jema. v. hold, restrain; take, seize
jemda. n. twin
jesa. v. foam; boil
jeuga. v. join, yoke, tie together
jeugos. n. team, pair of yoked animals
jevos. n. cereal, grain; barley, spelt
joqar. n. liver
ju. pron. you (plural)
jugo. n. yoke
jugta. a. yoked/joined
junega. v. be joining
jàti. v. go; go in, enter; ride, travel
jòr, jèni. n. year
leba. v. hang down loosely; lick. n. lip
leca. v. jump, scuttle along
lega. v. leak
legia. v. gather, collect, speak
leha. v. lie (be in resting position)
leheti. v. be lying down
leiga. v. jump around, run around; play, frolic; shake, jitter; dance
leigia. v. bind, tie
leihia. v. lick
leimò. n. lake
leipa. v. stick
leipo. n. fat or sticky substance
leiqa. v. leave
leisa. v. trace, track
leizia. v. lick
leloiqa. v. be missing, be gone
lena. a. soft
lenzo. n. land, heath
lesa. v. gather, collect
leuba. v. desire, cover, want (someone or something); admire, praise; love
leuca. v. shine; see. a. bright
leuga. v. bend
leugia. v. break (off), shatter
levoti. v. wash
lineqa. v. be leaving
locu. n. pond, pool
loiso. n. following, track; (agriculture) furrow
loucsno. n. moon
lovotro. n. that which is used for washing; washbasin, bathtub; bathwater; soap suds
làti. v. bark, howl
làva. v. seize, gain
làvo. n. benefit, prize
lèda. a. soft, calm; lazy, slow. v. be tired
marca. n. horse/wild horse
marta. a. dead, mortal
martva. a. dead
masra. a. lean, meager
me. conj. prohibitive particle. prep. in the middle of, near, by, around, with
meda. v. measure; give advice
mede. n. healing
megia, magi. a. big, great
megiajò, magiaisi, megiajosas. a. bigger, greater
meha. v. be able
meica. v. twinkle, blink
meisia. v. mix
meita. v. change; exchange; remove
meiti. v. strengthen
melati. v. grind, crush
melit, maliti. n. honey
(me)moha. v. have power, be able to
memona. v. think, be mindful; remember
memso. n. flesh, meat
mena. v. think, mind
mene. n. spiritual activity
menos. n. mind, thought
menti, manteji. n. thought
menza. v. pay attention to. a. vivacious
menze. n. wisdom
mera. v. die; disappear
merti, marteji. n. death
mesga. v. dip, sink
meta. v. cut (by measure)
meuse. n. moss
meva. v. move
mezi. prep. with, among
mezia. a. middle
mezu, mazovi. n. honey
mleuda. v. say
mona. n. man, human being
morejeti. v. kill
mori, mariji, morijam. sea; standing water
mosho. n. marrow/brain
mregia. a. short
mreha. a. brain
mreziu, mraziovi. a. short, brief
mudtro. n. excrement, urine; filth, sediment
mus. n. mouse
màda. a. good, great; timely, opportune. v. be wet, become wet
màsia. v. raise, increase. a. long
mèm. n. flesh, meat
mèn, mènsi, mènsam. n. moon, month
mèter. n. mother
mèti. v. measure
nau, navi, navam. n. boat
ne. conj. not
neba. v. become damp, become cloudy
nebos. n. cloud; mist, moisture
negua. a. bare, naked
nehuro. n. kidney
neica. v. winnow, swing grains in a mill
neida. v. lead
neigua. v. wash
nema. v. distribute; give, take
nemos. n. sacrifice, worship; place of sacrifice, clearing
neptija. n. granddaughter; niece
nepòt, napti, nepotam. n. grandson; descendant; (possibly) nephew
nesa. v. return home (safely)
nesia. v. perish, disappear
nesiu, nasiovi. a. dead, mortal
neva. a. new
nevia. /alternative form of neva
nevotàt. n. newness
nevàti. v. renew
nisdo. n. nest
noqt. n. night
nu. interj. now/well/and
nàs. n. nose
nàva. v. die, perish; lack
nàve. n. death
obrudo. n. eyebrow
oda. v. smell, stink
odont, odanti, odontam. n. tooth
ogar. n. berry
ohui. n. snake; mythic serpent or dragon that is slain by a great hero in Indo-European mythology
oina. num. one; single
oite. n. oath
ojeba. v. enter into, penetrate; copulate
ojebeti. v. have sex, copulate
oju, ojovi. n. long time, lifetime
oleti. v. fall, collapse; destroy, be destroyed
olo. n. awl
omeiha. v. drizzle
omeiho. n. fog, mist, cloud
omeizia. v. urinate
omeizieti. v. urinate
omihlo. n. mist, cloud
omoti. v. grab, grasp, seize, take hold; swear (an oath)
onati. v. call, summon; assign (to a role or task)?; onerate; charge
onco. n. bend, turn
oneba. n. hub; navel
oneida. v. revile, insult
ongua. v. smear, anoint
onguan, ongueni. n. fat, butter
ongòl, engali, ongolam. n. charcoal
onobòl, ombli, onobolam. n. navel
onos. n. load; burden
onosta. a. loaded/burdened
onàti. v. enjoy
onòh, onehi, onoham. n. nail (of the finger or toe)
opa. v. work, toil, make
ope. n. ability, force
oqa. v. see n. eye
oqije. nom./voc./acc. dual of oqs
oqs. n. eye
ora. v. move, stir; rise, spring; quarrel, fight
orba. n. orphan; servant, slave, worker. v. change allegiance, status, ownership
orbe. n. inheritance
oregeti. v. straighten, set upright
oregia. v. straighten, right onself. a. right; just
oreida. v. move, set in motion; flow, stream (of water); pour, rain; boil, churn
oreuca. v. dig/till
oreva. v. run, hurry
orezta. a. straightened, right, upright
orogejeti. v. straighten, make straight, cause to be straight
orza. v. increase, grow. a. upright, high
orègia. n. king, ruler
orèznija, orèzniji, orèznijam. n. queen
orò. n. eagle
os, osi. n. mouth
osdo. n. branch
osiet. n. harrow
osri. n. top, protrusion; sharp edge, corner
ost. n. bone
osta. n. bone
ostodsiomt. num. eighty
ostou. num. eight
oudzar, udzeni. n. udder
ous. n. ear
ova. v. put clothes or shoes on
ovi. n. sheep
p(t)erde. n. fern
paltana. a. wide, broad.
parca. v. fear
parsceti. v. keep asking, question
partu, partovi. n. crossing
patèr, patari, pateram. n. father
paur, paveni. n. fire
peda. v. walk, step; stumble, fall
pega. n. breast
peigia. a. inactive, reluctant
peisa. v. grind, crush
peisia. n. fish. v. hew out, cut out; stitch, embroider, sting; paint, mark, color
pejati. v. swell (with milk); be swollen, fat
pejatu. n. something fattening, nourishing
pejavar. n. fat; swelling
pela. v. cover, wrap
pelati. v. approach
pelda. a. pale, gray
pelo. n. skin, hide, cloth
penqe. num. five
penqedsiomt. num. fifty
penta. v. pass
pento n. path
peqa. v. cook, ripen
peqeti. v. cook; ripen
per. prep. around; through; before, in front
pera. a. first
percu, parcovi. n. oak
perda. v. fart loudly, pass gas, break wind (see: pesda)
perdeti. v. fart
perqe. n. oak
persa. v. sprinkle, splatter
persia. a. colored; motley
persiu, parsiovi. n. chest, rib
peruti. adv. last year
pervar, parveni. n. ford, crossing
pesa. n. penis
pesda. v. fart softly, pass gas, break wind (see: perda)
pesia. v. pluck (wool, hair)
pesiu, pasiovi. n. livestock
petar, pateni. n. wing; feather
petati. v. spread out; fly
peuda. v. to be clean, pure
peugia. v. punch; prick, poke, stab
peugio. n. fist fight
peusie. n. pine
pibeti. v. see pipòti
pipòti. v. drink
pisdo. n. vulva
pita. n. pitch, resin
pite. n. pine tree
plena. a. full
plesia. v. fold, plaid, weave
pleta. a. flat
pletau, platavi. a. flat, broad
pletos. n. breadth
pleuca. v. fly, flow, run; splash, flap with hands
pleuda. v. fly, flow, run
pleumò. n. lung, (literally) floater
pleva. v. fly, flow, run
pluncsno. n. feather
plusi. n. flea
pluta. a. washed/floated
plàda. a. flat
plèti. v. fill
plèzeti. v. to become full, swell; to increase, further
plòti. v. swim, flow
pneuman, pnumeni. n. breath
pneva. v. pant, breathe
ponto, panteji, pontojam. n. path
porna. n. feather, wing
porne. n. fern, leaf
porsia. n. piglet
pos. prep. afterwards, post/by at
prega. v. yearn, covet
preida. v. love, please
prepa. v. appear, be visible
presa. v. press
presia. v. ask
preusa. v. freeze
preuse. n. frost
preva. v. jump
prida. a. dear, beloved/happy, free
pro. prep. toward, leading to
prota. v. understand
prà. prep. before, in front
pstèn, pstani, pstenam. n. breast, teat
puda. a. rotten, foul
pudro. n. wheat
pàgia. v. attach, fix, fasten
pàsa. v. guard, protect; sheperd
pàsia. v. join, attach
pàsio. n. agreement, settlement
pàti. v. protect; shepherd
pàva. a. few, little
pàve. n. smallness
pèti. v. hate, hurt
pòd. n. foot
pòti. v. drink
qa. pron. which, what
qeisa. v. see; heed
qeita. v. notice
qeiti. v. pay/avenge
qela. v. turn (end-over-end); revolve around, and therefore to sojourn, to dwell
qelsa. v. pull, drag; turn
qema. v. swallow
qeqle. n. circle
qeqlo. n. wheel
qera. v. do; make; build
qesia. v. see; look
qetvardsiomt. num. forty
qetvore. num. four
qi. pron. who, what (interrogative); who, which, that (relative)
qid. pron. nom. acc. sg. thing-like of qi
qoine. n. payment; punishment, vengeance
qotera. a. which of two
qrejati. v. buy
qrinàti. v. buy
qsep, qsapi, qsepam. n. night
qseuda. v. crush, disperse; disintegrate
qàsa. v. cough
qède. n. rest, peace
qèti. v. rest
rèda. v. scrape, scratch, gnaw
rèji. n. wealth, goods
rèma. a. dark; dirty
rèto. n. post, beam, pole
sa. pron. this; that
saitlo. n. lifetime, lifespan
saja. v. bind, fetter
(s)ase. n. harvest, crop, fruit
scava. scratch, scrape
sceida. v. cut off; split, divide
sceja. v. split, dissect
scela. v. be obligated, owe; be guilty
(s)cela. v. bend, crook; a. bent, crooked; n. leg, heel, knee, hip
(s)celda. v. cut; split, separate
(s)celeti. v. parch, wither
(s)cenga. v. limp, hobble; tilt, be askew
(s)cera. v. cut off
(s)cerzeti. v. to become cut, pierced
(s)ceuda. v. advance, push; drive, propel; cover, conceal, hide. n. hide, skin
(s)ceveti. v. perceive; observe
scineda. v. be cutting off
(s)clàva. n. hook, croog, peg
(s)creiva. v. scratch, tear
seca. v. cut, cut off, sever (syn. siesa)
seda. v. sit (down)
sedta. a. seated
segeti. v. be sitting
seiqa. v. moisten; filter
seite. n. magic
sela. v. jump, spring
seleti. v. take
selgia. v. let go, send
selos. n. marsh
selpo. n. fat, oil
sema. a. together
seme. n. summer; year
sena. a. old
sengua. v. sink; fall; drop
senhua. v. recite; sing
senta. v. head for, go, travel
sepa. v. taste, try out
septam. num. seven
septamdsiomt. num. seventy
seqa. v. follow
seqeti. v. follow
sera. v. flow
serpa. v. creep, crawl
sersia. v. emend, make good, recompense
sesa. v. rest, sleep
seuda. v. bear (a child); give birth
seveti. v. press, push (forth)
sezia. v. hold; overpower
sezios. n. power, strength
(s)guesa. v. extinguish, make extinct, make vanish; go out (as a light or fire), become extinct
siada. v. fall
sialneva. v. be listening
siamtom. num. hundred
siarso. n. vehicle
sie. conj. deictic particle, here/post-positional demonstrative particle, this
sieipa. v. ridicule, mock, anger
sieiti. v. lie flat; be lying down; settle
siela. v. cover
sieleti. v. cover, hide
sienca. v. hang
siensa. v. announce, proclaim; put in order
siera. v. grow, make grow, nourish
sierado. n. head, top; horn
sierasò. n. head, skull.
sierda. n. heart
siersa. v. run
siesa. v. cut
sieslova. v. be heard, audible
sieveti. v. swell; be strong
sioima. a. homely. n. kin
siom. prep. beside, near, by, with
siopo. n. hoof
siovija. n. shadow, shade
sisdeti. v. sit down
sitera. a. this one, the closer one
sièja. v. shine, shimmer
sièr, siardi, sierdam. n. heart
sièsa. v. teach, indicate
sièva. a. cold, rainy
sièvo. n. north
siòdo. n. darkness, shadow
sleito. n. slomething leaning, sloped, inclined
sleitro. n. shelter, covering
sleiva. a. sloved, curved
sleiza. v. slip, slide; be slippery, slick
sleiti. v. shelter, cover
slejeti. v. lean (on); cause to lean
sleuda. v. clean, rinse, slide
sleusa. v. hear
sleuseti. v. listen
sleva. v. hear
slevos. n. fame
slinàti. v. be leaning, be sloped, be bent
slita. a. covered, sheltered
slouni, sluneji. n. buttocks, hip
sluta. a. heard, listened/known, famous
(s)lòja. a. blueish
(s)mala. a. small; little
smeita. v. throw
(s)meja. v. laugh, be glad
(s)mela. a. false, erroneous; bad, evil
(s)melda. v. soften, melt
(s)mera. v. fall into thinking, remember, care for
(s)merda. v. bite, sting
smeru, smarovi. n. grease
(s)meuca. v. let loose, release; slip away, escape, flee
(s)màti. v. beckon, signal
snega. v. crawl
snego. n. creeping thing
sneihua. v. snow
sneihuo. n. snow
sneitar, sniteni. n. adder
snoihuo. n. snow
snusa. n. daughter-in-law
(s)nàti. v. swim, be swimming, float
(s)nèti. v. spin (thread), sew
snèvar, sneveni. n. sinew, tendon
sodejeti. v. set, seat, cause to sit
soite. n. magic
solada. a. whole
somda. a. same, alike, alone?
soqo. n. juice of plants
sosiar, sasieni. n. dung, excrement
spejo. n. sharp point, stick
spenda. v. libate
sperda. v. kick
sperza. n. compete, contest, struggle
spesi. n. watcher; spy
spesia. v. see, look, observe
spesieti. v. be looking at, keep looking at
(s)peica. n. woodpecker; magpie
(s)penda. v. stretch
(s)peneti. v. twist; weave
speuda. v. press, push
(s)pogia. n. foam
spèr, spari, speram. n. sparrow
spèrsno. n. heel, upper thigh
spès, speji, spejam. n. prosperity, success
spèti. v. succeed, prosper
sqoje. n. thorn
sqojo. n. needle, prickle
sreba. v. sip, gulp, suck (in)
sredzeti. v. to believe, trust
sreva. v. flow, stream
srobejeti. v. be sipping, sucking; cause to sip, suck
sràb/srèb, srabi, sràbam. n. turnip, rape, cabbage
stanàti. v. place, stand
stata. a. placed, standing
stavonta. v. from stàti
steba. v. stand still; harden
(s)tega. v. cover
stehua. v. enlace
steico. n. (steep) path
(s)teiga. v. be sharp; sting
steiha. v. go; climb
steihueti. v. walk, climb
stejati. v. stiffen
stela. v. put, place; locate; be stiff (< be set/firm)
stelda. v. be silent, be still
stengua. v. push
stera. a. sterile, infertile
sterba. v. exert (force, work, treatment); become stiff
sterija, stareji, sterejam. n. sterile cow, heifer; barren woman
steroti. v. spread, extend, stretch out
stestova. v. be standing
(s)teuca. v. push, press; strike, beat; stick into, pierce, perforate
(s)teuda. v. push, hit
(s)teuga. v. push, hit
(s)teupa. v. push, stick
steva. v. praise, laud
(s)teva. v. push, hit
stistati. v. to be standing up, to be getting up
stoiho. n. path, way
stovajeti. v. cause to stand
streiga. v. stroke, rub, strike; shear
strenha. v. twist
strenho. n. rope, cord
streva. v. spread, strew
strota. a. stretched, spread
strovejeti. v. strew, disperse; spawn
(s)tverda. v. stir up, agitate; urge on, propel
(s)tàja. v. steal
stàjeti. v. be standing
stàti, stateji. n. standing, position
stàti. v. stand (up)
stèman, stemeni. n. that which stands, stature
sudra. a. sour, acidic, salty
sunu. n. son
supne. n. sleep
sva. pron. self
sveida. v. sweat
sveido. n. sweat
sveita. v. shine
svena. a. holy, sacred
svenati. v. sound
svepa. v. sleep
svepne. n. sleep, slumber
svera. v. ache; fester
sverha. v. be ill; take care of
svero. n. wound; injury
sves. num. six
svesdsiomt. num. sixty
svesiura. n. father-in-law
svesruva. n. mother-in-law
svesòr, susri, svesoram. n. sister
svàda. a. sweet
svàdu, svadovi. a. sweet
svàgio, svagisi, svàgiosas. a. very sweet, rather sweet
svèsiura. n. brother in law
svò, siuni, svonam. n. dog
sàca. v. make a pact, treaty; make sacred
sàce. n. ceremony, ritual
sàga. v. seek out
sàgeti. v. give a sign
sàl, sali. n. south
sàti. v. satiate, satisfy
sèm, smi. num. one
sèman, semeni. n. seed
sèmi. adv. half; partially
sèti. v. impress, insert; sow, plant
sòval, saveni. n. sun
talnàti. v. be lifting
talta. a. lifted
tanneva. v. be stretching
tanno. n. stretch
tanta. a. stretched, extended
tarna. a. sharp, stiff
tata. n. father
taura. n. wild bull, aurochs
te. pron. clitic acc. of tuva
teca. v. take by the hand; receive, obtain
tega. v. touch
tegu, tagovi. a. thick
telati. v. bear, undergo, endure; lift
telqa. v. talk
temati. v. cut
tembos. n. darkness
tena. v. stretch, extend
tenati. v. stretch, extend
tenau, tanavi. a. thin
tenda. v. stretch, extend
tenga. v. think; perceive
tengua. v. pull (back); be heavy, be difficult
tenos. n. extension
tensa. v. stretch
tenti, tanteji. n. extension
tepa. v. be warm, be hot
tepos. n. heat, warmth
teqa. v. run, flow
tera. a. tender, weak. n. young creature
terati. v. get through, cross over, pass through, overcome
terava. / Alternative form of terati
tereti. v. rub, turn; drill, peierce
terman, tirmeni. n. boundary, end
terpa. v. satisfy
terqa. v. turn, spin
tersa. a. dry
tesia. v. sire, beget
tetola. v. be holding up
tetona. v. be stretched, extended
tetorpa. v. be satisfied
tetsia. v. create, produce; cut, hew
tetsio, tasni, tetsionam. n. carpenter
teuca. n. germ, seed, sprout, offspring
teuda. v. look on favorably; protect; observe
teusa. v. be empty; drain
teute. n. people, tribe
tevada. n. crowd
tevati. v. swell, become big or fat; be numerous; be strong
tonejeti. v. extend
tono. n. something stretched; chord, fiber, string
torsejeti. v. make dry, cause to dry
tpeldo. n. fortification, city
tra. prep. through
treba. v. build, dwell
trebo. n. settlement, dwelling
treisti, tristeji. a. stubborn, in a bad mood
treje, tardoji. num. three
trema. v. tremble (in fear)
trenqa. v. push, press
tresa. v. tremble (with fear)
treuda. v. push, thrust
tridsiomt. num. thirty
tsieiti. v. cultivate; settle; live
tuma. v. swell; become big or strong
tumo. n. mound
tusonta. num. thousand
tuva. pron. you, thou
tverda. v. enclose, fence in; grab, seize
tversia. v. carve, cut off, trim
tàga. v. touch; grasp, take with the hand
tàti. v. melt; flow, stream
ucsèn, ucsani, ucsenam. n. bull
ud. adv. upwards, away, out, outward
udero. n. abdomen, stomach
udra. a. of water, aquatic
udtera. a. higher, outer
uper. prep. above, over
uperi. /alternative form of uper
upo. prep. under, below
vai. interj. oh!/ah!/woe!/alas!
vaila. n. wolf; howler
valqa. n. wolf
valqija, valqeji, valqijam. n. she-wolf
vargeti. v. be working, be at work
varzta. a. worked, fashioned
varèn, vareni, varenam. n. lamb in general, more probably the ram
veba. v. weave, braid
vecspero. n. evening
vegia. v. be lively, be awake; be strong
vegua. a. wet, moist
veheti. v. transport
vei. pron. we (more than two)
veica. v. separate, choose
veida. v. see
veidseti. v. want to see
veidtòr, vidtri, veidtoram. n. one who has seen, one who knows
veipa. v. shake, tremble, agitate; swing, sway; turn, wind, rotate, wrap (around)
veisa. v. raise, increase; produce, procreate; melt away, flow
veisia. v. enter in; settle
veisio. n. settlement
veiti, viteji. n. that which twies or bends; branch, switch
vejeti. v. chase, pursue; suppress, persecute
vejò, vini. n. wine; vine
vela. v. see
velda. v. turn, wind (turn coils)
veleti. v. choose; want
velga. a. wet, damp
veloti. v. hit, strike
vemeti. v. spew, vomit
veneti. v. love
venza. v. wind, turn
veqa. v. speak, sound out
vera. v. burn
vereti. v. speak, say
vergia. v. make
vergie. n. work
versa. v. wipe; drag (on the ground), sweep, thresh
versèn, versani, versenam. n. virile man; male animal
verta. v. turn (around); rotate
verti, varteji. n. interval, period of time
verze. n. word
verzieti. v. be saying
vesa. v. dress, clothe
vesia. v. wish, want
vesta. v. wear
vesti, usteji. n. the act of dressing; clothing
veta. a. year-old
vetati. v. say
veto. n. year
vetos. n. year
veuceti. v. say
vevorta. v. be turned towards
veza. v. bind, secure; pledge, guarantee; lead
vezia. v. bring; transport
vi. adv. apart, asunder; away from; against
vidonta. v. from veida
vidra. n. man; husband; warrior, hero
vidsiamti. num. twenty
vidta. a. seen/known
vleiqa. v. wet. a. moist
vob, vebi, vebas. n. wasp
vodar, udeni or vedeni. n. water
voida. v. have seen, know
vortejeti. v. turn (transitive)
vosan, vesani. n. sale, trade; price
vosari. n. spring (season)
vosejeti. v. clothe, put clothes onto
vreida. v. scratch, carve
vreisia. v. twist; bend
vreita. v. twist
vràd. n. root
vàta. a. excited, inspired; possessed, raging
vàza. v. go, proceed; pass, traverse
vèiman, veimeni. n. that which is twisted, plaiting
vèja. v. twist, wind, weave, plait; wrap, enclose, cover
vèra. a. true
vèzia. v. transport
vòq, voqi, voqam. n. voice, speech
ze. conj. locative particle, where
zehua. v. burn; a. warm, hot
zehueti. v. burn, be burning
zeigia. v. knead; form, shape
zeigua. v. stick into, pierce; dig; ditch; plant; set up, fasten
zelba. v. dig, excavate
zelhe. n. debt
zenha. v. cover; overcast
zera. v. support; hold
zergia. v. bind fast; be firm; support. a. strong, robust
zeroti. v. leap, spring
zersa. v. be bold, dare
zeuba. a. hazy, unclear, dark; deep
zeuha. v. be productive; produce, produce something useful; be strong, have force
zeupa. a. deep (see zeuba, alternative form)
zeusa/zeuse. see zvesa/zvese
zeva. v. die, pass away
zevado. n. smoke; mist, haze
zeziòm, zmi. n. earth; human
zezorsa. v. dare
zezouha. v. be productive
zezèti. v. be putting, placing; be doing
zhueiti, zhuiteji. n. decay, destruction
zians. n. goose
zieja. n. horse
ziejo. n. winter
ziejòm, zimi. n. winter; year; frost, snow
zieloda. a. green, yellow
zieloti. v. flourish
zienha. v. walk; step
ziera. v. yearn for
ziersa. a. stiff; surprised
zies. adv. yesterday
ziesa. v. take, give in advance; zieso. n. hand
zieslom. num. thousand
ziestere. n. yesterday
ziesòr, ziasri, ziesoram. n. hand
zieuda. v. call on, invoke; pour
zieva. v. pour
zioiso. n. spear, missile, javelin
ziorto. n. enclosure
ziu. n. fish
ziuta. a. invoked/libated, poured as part of a liquid offering
ziàti. v. yawn, gape
zièr, ziri, zieram. n. hedgehog
zièti. v. come, reach; go, walk
zleja. v. shine
zmò, ziamni. n. earthling
znota. a. known, recognizable
znòti. v. know; get to know, meet; recognise
zodno. n. grain
zolo. n. curve, hollow; valley, vault
zreha. v. run, drag, pull
zrema. v. (transitive) vex, torment; (intransitive) be angry, be upset
zreuha. v. deceive, mislead
zrouhe. n. deception, falsehood, lie
zràha. v. irritate. a. rough
zràs, zrasi, zrasiam. n. dregs, sediment (of wine, oil, fat)
zrèda. v. sound
zubna. a. deep
zubra. a. deep
zugatèr, zugtri, zugateram. n. daughter
zumo. n. smoke
zvelda. v. burn; shine
zvena. v. make a noise
zvera. a. wild. n. wild animal
zvero. n. door
zvesa. v. breathe (in or out). n. creature
zvese. n. breath; spirit, soul
zvòr, zuri, zvoram. n. door
zèja. v. suckle, nurse
zèman, zèmeni. n. that which is established; house, home
zès, zesi, zèsam. n. god, godhead, diety; sacred place
zèti, ziteji. n. act of putting, placement
zèti. v. put, place; do
zòmo. n. that which is put, placed
àimo. n. imitation
àsmo. n. stone
èdti. v. / Alternative form of edti
èsar, eseni. n. (flowing) blood
òm, ami, omam. n. shoulder